{"id":740,"date":"2016-09-20T18:25:20","date_gmt":"2016-09-20T17:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/?p=740"},"modified":"2016-09-20T18:26:10","modified_gmt":"2016-09-20T17:26:10","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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– <\/b>\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631:<\/b> \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 1878\u0645
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642:<\/b> \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 .
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627
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\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637:<\/b> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637.
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629
\n\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u0629:<\/b> \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627:<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 .
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636:<\/b> \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637: <\/b>\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u00a0<\/b>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/b>\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645. * \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a.* \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: <\/b>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: <\/b>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629: <\/b>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.* \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.* \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629:<\/b> \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00a0\u0628\u0640\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u00a0\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

* \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 ” \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629” \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

* \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/b> \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

* \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u00a0……..<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0629:<\/b> \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a:<\/b> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629
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\n\u0627\u0644\u0622\u063a\u0627<\/b> \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a
\n\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c:<\/b> \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a:<\/b>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633
\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627:<\/b> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646
\n\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 :<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629
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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 <\/b>: \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629:<\/b> \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u064212 \u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 14 \u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 15 \u0645 \u0648 16
\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643
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\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0629. \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 18\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u0645.
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\n\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a:<\/b> \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1459 \u0648 1566 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19 \u0645 \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a
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\n\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644:<\/b> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a 10 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1470 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 22 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1520 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 8 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629
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\n\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0633:<\/b> \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a 1277 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637
\n\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649:<\/b> \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0645\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 .
\n\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a:<\/b> 1769-1849\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1805 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1848. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n

\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/i><\/b>
\n\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633:<\/b>1472- 1546\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627). \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u062c\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u0629 . \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 .
\n\u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627<\/b> 1470 -1518 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 55 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646
\n\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637<\/b>\u0646 1732-1799 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 4 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1776. \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631
\n\u0625\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u062b<\/b>1757- 1833\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1816 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631
\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646:<\/b>\u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a 1500- 1558\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1541\u0645
\n\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646:<\/b> 1206\u0645 – 1235\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646
\n\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b:<\/b> 1789\u0645 -1807 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1791
\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/b>1775 \u2013 1846 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1824 \u2013 1830 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1830 \u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1836 .
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/b> 1773 \u0645 \u0640 1838 \u0645\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 .
\n\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646:<\/b> \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1772 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1808 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 ,\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 ,\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1838\u0645
\n\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644 :<\/b> \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629
\n\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/b>: \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0632. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a 2 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1773 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1825 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c.\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 27 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1846 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n

\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/i><\/b>:
\n\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d:<\/b> 1394- 1460 \u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627.
\n\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0632:<\/b> 1450 -1500\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1488 \u0645, \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644
\n\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627:<\/b> 1469-1524\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627.\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f
\n\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633:<\/b>1451 – 1506\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627,\u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627.
\n\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/b>– 1480 1521: \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1519-1522 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.
\n\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a:<\/b> 1450 1498 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1479 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.
\n\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0643<\/b>: 1728 – 1779 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627. \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1768\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a.
\n\u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0647:<\/b> 1491\u0645 – 1557\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627.
\n\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646:<\/b> 1847 \u2013 1931\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0644:<\/b>1847\u20141922 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.
\n\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0646:<\/b> \u200f\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1765 – \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1815 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1809
\n\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646:<\/b> 1781 \u20131848 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 1435 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646
\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: <\/b>1600 1649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 1625 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1649.
\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: Charles II<\/b> \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 1630 – 1685 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1660 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1685.\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0643 George Monk\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1660.
\n\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/b>1599- 1658 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629[1]. \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627
\n\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631<\/b> 1483 – 1546 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a.
\n\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/b> 1509-1564\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0638\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629
\n\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 Louis XVI<\/b> :\u0648.23 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1754 \u2013 21 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1793),\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.\u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627.\u0633\u0646\u0629 1776 \u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646.\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1793 \u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633.
\n\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/b> 1758 \u2013 1794: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1790 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1792 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1793. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 “\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629” \u0641\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0647
\n\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 <\/b>1732-1799 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 4 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1776. \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631
\n\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b:<\/b> 1723- 1790 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639
\n\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633:<\/b> 1818 – 1883 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\uf02e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \uf02e<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/b><\/p>\n

1<\/b>\/ \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629:<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u2018\u2018 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u2019\u2019.<\/p>\n

2\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637:<\/b> \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u00a0\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. **\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

3 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\/ \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a:<\/b> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649\u00ab \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0643\u0628\u0643…..\u00bb \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0628\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/b>: \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626 \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641<\/p>\n

3\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a: <\/b>\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629- ( \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n

4\/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629: <\/b>\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633- \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n