{"id":24006,"date":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab"},"modified":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d – \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d – \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a <\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/fb:like> <\/rigth>
<\/center> <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/b><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062fّ\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/b><\/span>
<\/b><\/span>  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d <\/b><\/span> <\/p>\n


<\/span> <\/p>\n
\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVII \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649، \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647، \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b، \u0644\u0643\u0646ّ\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627، \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XX.<\/span>

<\/span>  I- \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/b><\/span> 1)- \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627، \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062eّ\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
\u0623- \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0644ّ\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631، \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629” \u0633\u0646\u0629 1829 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646، \u0641\u0625\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644ّ \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629، \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0643\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a) \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062dّ\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646ّ \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0644ّ \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062cّ\u0644\u064a\u0646، \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0644ّ\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f، \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631ّ \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647، \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644ّ \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647، \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
– \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0627، \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643ّ\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629، \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644ّ\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/span>
– \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627ّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0633ّ\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646، \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064aّ\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
– \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627ّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644، \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627ّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644ّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0639\u0645ّ \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644ّ\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0629، \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644ّ \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0644ّ\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u062a\u0639\u062fّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644ّ\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646، \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644ّ\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0636\u0645ّ\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627…) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0648ّ\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642ّ\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629، \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629…) \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0644ّ\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645ّ\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0632\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631ّ\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062fّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0642\u0648ّ\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0633\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629، \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648ّ\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 “\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633” (1748-1833) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0645\u0631ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 :<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1821 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1814 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646) \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627 (\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0633\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a” (Hypselanti) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629” (1822-1827) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0624\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644ّ \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a “\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064aّ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644ّ\u0647\u0627” \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627، \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1823 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1825 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1828 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635ّ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646” 1828 \u062a\u062d\u0637ّ\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629 1829 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1832 \u062a\u0645ّ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> II- \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d :<\/b><\/span>
\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVIII \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0632ّ\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064aّ\u0629. <\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/span>
\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632ّ\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631ّ\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span>  \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643ّ\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a، \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 III (1757-1774) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0624\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 III \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f II.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 III \u0640 (1789-1805) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 III \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0643\u0631ّ\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638ّ\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0635ّ\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 IV.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f II \u0640 (1808-1839) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f II \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0633\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1808.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0643\u0644ّ \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0630\u0631، \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1826 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f، \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0631ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064aّ\u0629) \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0644ّ\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0631ّ\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f، \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627، \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629. <\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645ّ \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062cّ\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f II \u0648\u062a\u0645ّ\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 :<\/span>

<\/b><\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a :<\/b><\/span>
<\/a>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f (1839-1861) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 (1861-1876) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 :<\/span>
– “\u062e\u0637ّّ \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1839 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645ّ \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 ،\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645.<\/span>
– “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637ّ \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a” \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629” :<\/b><\/span>
<\/a>\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f II \u0640 (1876-1909) \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a :<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064aّ\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645ّ\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644ّ\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0631ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631ّ\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 4)- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646، \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0646\u0643ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0637ّ\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a”.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644ّ\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1877 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633، \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u0633\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a”.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627ّ \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a، \u0641\u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062bّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634ّ\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u062c\u0648ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062fّ\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f، \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 “\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642ّ\u064a”.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1905 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642ّ\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a 10 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1908 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a 24 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1908 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0645ّ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648ّ \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a 31 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1909 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642ّ\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0639\u0647.<\/span>


<\/b><\/span>
III- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVII \u0647\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062fّ \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1683. \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVIII \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636” \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u062e\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0637).<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0631\u062fّ \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064aّ \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062f- \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
 \u0623\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062fّ\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642ّ \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 (1854-1856) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u0642\u0631ّ\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a “\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637، \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062fّ\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643، \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062fّ\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0642ّ\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062fّ\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 (\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633). \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062fّ\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/span>
– \u062d\u0644ّ \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062fّ\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0643\u0633.<\/span>
– \u062d\u0642ّ \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1853.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627، \u0641\u0636\u0645ّ \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643ّ\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a، \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643ّ\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637ّ\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062fّ \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627، \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1856.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645ّ \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVI \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0649 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643ّ\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0637ّ\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0644ّ\u062a \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062fّ \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644، \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ \u062e\u0637ّ \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644) \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u064a\u0647\u062fّ\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> 4)- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646، \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627، \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0643ّ\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062fّ \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1876 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644ّ \u0634\u062fّ\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1876.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0645ّ\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1877 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1878 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/b><\/span> \u0628- \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062fّ\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646ّ \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627، \u0641\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631ّ\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062fّ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648. \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1878 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631:<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644ّ\u062a \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062fّ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062fّ \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648، \u0641\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647ّ\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062fّ\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u062a\u0642\u0644ّ\u0635\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span> <\/p>\n