{"id":23913,"date":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9"},"modified":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 <\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/fb:like> <\/rigth>
<\/center> <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 <\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0632ّ\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1848 \u06481849. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644ّ\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a :<\/span>
– \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a (Naples).<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627.<\/span>
– \u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (Toscane) \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (Modene) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0645 (Parme) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a (\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 (Venise) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a (Piemont) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0645ّ \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 (Savoie) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 (Turnin).<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643ّ\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064aّ\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646، \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f، \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644ّ \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1852-1870) \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a Victor Emmanuel II.<\/span>

<\/span>  I- \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1820-1878) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1849 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629، \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0641\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 (Cavour) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a.<\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 (1810-1861) :<\/b><\/span>
\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a، \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062b\u0645ّ \u062c\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u062a\u062d\u0645ّ\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1848 \u062b\u0645ّ \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1850 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1852.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 1848 \u06481849 \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0644ّ\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0643\u0641 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (1852-1859) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0637\u062a\u0647 :<\/span>
\u0623- \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
\u0628- \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645ّ\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>
– \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064aّ \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
– \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644ّ\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0645َ\u0631ْ\u0645ُ\u0648\u0631َ\u0627 (La Marmora) <\/span>
– \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629” \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u0645ّ \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062fّ \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062fّ \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627، \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062e\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 (Crimee) \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631، \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1856 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0646ّ \u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645 14 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1858 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645ّ\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0646\u064a (Orsini) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062aّ\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631ّ\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 21 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1858 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 (26 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1859) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u062fّ \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631ّ\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a، \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/span>
– \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/span>
– \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/span>



<\/b><\/span> II- \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 :<\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645ّ \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a (\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1959) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062eّ \u0641\u0648\u062cّ\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 23 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1859 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d، \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>
– \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0646\u062a\u0627 (Magenta) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0645 4 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1859 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 (Solferion) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u062d\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 (24 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1859).<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636ّ\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646ّ\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644، \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1859 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062aّ\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0636\u0645ّ \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0645ّ \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ\u062f \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645ّ \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u062aّ\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631ّ\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627، \u0648\u062a\u0645ّ \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0642ّ\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1860 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631ّ\u0631\u0629 “\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062fّ \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 12 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a (Garibaldi) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0632ّ \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644ّ\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1860، \u062b\u0645ّ \u0627\u062aّ\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1860. \u0648\u0634\u062cّ\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627، \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062cّ\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0648\u064aّ \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644… \u0648\u062a\u0645ّ \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a.<\/span>
\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a 17 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1861 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062bّ\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064aّ\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064aّ\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627، \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1861 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644ّ\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645ّ \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645 6 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1861.<\/span>

<\/span> III- \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a (Rattazi) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0644ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631، \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0645ّ\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0631ّ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 (Pie IX) \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644ّ\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631ّ\u062c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639ّ\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1866 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064aّ\u0629، \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u063a\u064aّ\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1866 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0644ّ\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062fّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644ّ\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (Mentana) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1867، \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 20 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645ّ \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1871 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062dّ\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u0641\u064a 2 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1871 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a، \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 :<\/span>
– \u0623\u0646ّ \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062aّ\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/span>
– \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645ّ\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0627 \u062d\u0642ّ\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646، \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/span> <\/p>\n