{"id":23828,"date":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88"},"modified":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 – \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 – \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 <\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/fb:like> <\/rigth>
<\/center> <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 <\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1848 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1851 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062cّ\u0647 \u0636ّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621، \u0648\u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062e \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 60 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0642\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627، \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0645  \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644ّ \u0639\u0646 10.000 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/span>
\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645ّ\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645  \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 (1871-1914) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> I- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1852-1870) : <\/b><\/span>
1)- \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0645ّ\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1852 \u0648\u0647\u064a :<\/span>
\u0623- <\/b>\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1848 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a 2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1852 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629، \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u0642ّ \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a :<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645ّ 250 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/span>
– \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634.<\/span>
\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a، \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631، \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628-<\/b> \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1852 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629  \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 : “\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631” \u0648\u0641\u064a “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648” \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0647 “\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646ّ \u0628\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645”.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u064aّ\u0623\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c-<\/b> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0641\u064a 2 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1852  \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 1851 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064aّ\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u064aّ \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1858 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062aّ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643ّ\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062fّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647  \u0641\u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 XIV \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064aّ\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062bّ\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (Eugenie) \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645ّ\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>
\u0623-<\/b> \u0623\u0646ّ \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629، \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\u0623\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062fّ\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064aّ\u0629، \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0644ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628-<\/b> \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647ّ\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c-<\/b> \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064aّ\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644ّ \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645، \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0633ّ\u0643\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064aّ\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627، \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
– \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a، \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0627\u0632\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0630\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642ّ\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631.<\/span>
– \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631ّ\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 (1858-1870) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1858 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span>
\u0623- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 :<\/b><\/span>
– \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u064a\u0624\u064aّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0646\u064a (Orsini) \u0641\u064a 14  \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 1858 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062aّ\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647، \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064aّ\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629  \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0623\u0647\u0645ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
– \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1859 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1851.<\/span>
– \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062fّ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1864 \u062a\u0645ّ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628.<\/span>
– \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867 \u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645ّ \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1868 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062eّ\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1869 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0642ّ \u062a\u0648\u0644ّ\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642ّ \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a، \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630  \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0641\u064a “\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646” \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> II- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 (1870-1914) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u062fّ\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637ّ\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a  \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062fّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647ّ\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> 1- \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 III \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1871 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 30 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 200 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f، \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 400 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 “\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631” (Thiers) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1871 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648 (10 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1871) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0634\u064a\u0621، \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646” (La commune) .<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 – \u0645\u0627\u064a 1871) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 :<\/span>
– \u0645\u0624\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 “\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631” \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/span>
– \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/span>
– \u062a\u0630\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646، \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062aّ\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0627  \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644ّ\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.<\/span>
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 15 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 28 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1871. \u0648\u0642\u062f  \u0641\u0636ّ\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642ّ\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 “\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0648\u064aّ \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629، \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 2000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644ّ \u0639\u0646 4000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1875 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0644ّ\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0634ّ\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1875 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0641\u064a :<\/span>
\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0623ّ\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064aّ\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648ّ\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628، \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0641\u064a :<\/span>
– \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
– \u062d\u0642ّ \u062dّ\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span>
– \u062d\u0642ّ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e :<\/span>
– \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062fّ\u062f \u0633\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 25 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/span>
– \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648ّ\u0646 \u0645\u0646 75 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648225 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644ّ \u0633\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 40 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062fّ\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627، \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0642ّ \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628) \u062d\u0642ّ \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1875 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629، \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0641\u0648ّ\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1879 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0641\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0646 (Mac Mahon) \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0648ّ\u0636 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a (Jules Gr\u00e9vy) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
\u0623- \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
– \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 6 \u0648 13 \u0633\u0646\u0629، \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629، \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
– \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1884 \u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064aّ\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1884 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631، \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1901 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631ّ\u0631\u0627، \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0638\u0644ّ \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642ّ\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1879 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062fّ \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062fّ\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1905 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627، \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062fّ\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062fّ\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 “\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c\u064a” (Le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Boulanger) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645، \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 “\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633” (Dreyfus)  \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894.<\/span>
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062fّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629، \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645ّ \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648ّ\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0628ّ \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ \u0623\u064aّ \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1910 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062fّ\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/span>
\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062aّ\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648ّ\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0644ّ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a :<\/span>
– \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064aّ \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1914.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0639ّ\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645ّ\u0627\u0644\u064a، \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631.<\/span>
\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062fّ \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062bّ\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 39 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 : 26% \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 \u064820% \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914.              <\/span>

<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/b><\/a><\/span>


<\/span> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 – \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629  \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914  \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1848 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1851 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062cّ\u0647 \u0636ّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621، \u0648\u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062e \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2456],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 • \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629  \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627-\u0645\u0646-1852-\u0625\u0644\u0649-1914-\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 • \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1852 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1914 - \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629  \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627-\u0645\u0646-1852-\u0625\u0644\u0649-1914-\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cheri3adotcom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-IPAQT8MoSHA\/WQJUDiUvjCI\/AAAAAAAAmOk\/4TQBrKbpBEAcX8Q6bDfaSUoOX2REQoSegCK4B\/s320\/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2591%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@che3iacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@che3iacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a\",\"description\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a \\u0641\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u062c\\u0632\\u0627\\u0626\\u0631 \\u062f\\u0631\\u0648\\u0633 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0644\\u062e\\u064a\\u0635\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u0646\\u0627\\u062a \\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a \\u0644\\u062c\\u0645\\u064a\\u0639 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0637\\u0648\\u0627\\u0631\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-IPAQT8MoSHA\/WQJUDiUvjCI\/AAAAAAAAmOk\/4TQBrKbpBEAcX8Q6bDfaSUoOX2REQoSegCK4B\/s320\/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2591%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9.png\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0641\\u0631\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 1852 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 1914 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0648\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u0651 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0631\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 • \\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#\/schema\/person\/c104d2faa249b6a71d8449a05e580cba\"},\"description\":\"\\u0641\\u0631\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 1852 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 1914 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0648\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u0651 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0631\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0641\\u0631\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 1852 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 1914 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0648\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648ّ \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0631\\u0628\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0648\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648ّ \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0631\\u0628\\u064aّ\\u0629  \\u0641\\u0631\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u0626\\u064a\\u0633\\u064a\\u0629\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/category\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/category\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a\\u0639 \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645\\u0629\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab-4\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab-4\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u0646\\u0627\\u062a – \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u0646\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0627\\u0646\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0623\\u0633\\u0627\\u0633\\u064a: \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a\\u0627\\u062a\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86-1852-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-1914-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%88\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0641\\u0631\\u0646\\u0633\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 1852 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 1914 – \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0648\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u0651 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0631\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#\/schema\/person\/c104d2faa249b6a71d8449a05e580cba\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u062f \\u0639\\u0628\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0644\\u0637\\u064a\\u0641\",\"description\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u062f \\u0639\\u0628\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0644\\u0637\\u064a\\u0641 \\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0630 \\u0639\\u0644\\u0648\\u0645 \\u0637\\u0628\\u064a\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u062d\\u064a\\u0627\\u0629 \\u064a\\u062f\\u0631\\u0633 \\u0641\\u064a \\u062b\\u0627\\u0646\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0645\\u0635\\u0637\\u0641\\u0649 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0634\\u0631\\u0641 \\u0628\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0632\\u0648\\u0627\\u0631 \\u0628\\u0627\\u0644\\u062c\\u0632\\u0627\\u0626\\u0631 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0635\\u0645\\u0629\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","amp_validity":null,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23828"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23828"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23828\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}