{"id":23826,"date":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3"},"modified":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3-8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 <\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/fb:like> <\/rigth>
<\/center> <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/a>
<\/span> <\/p>\n
\n


<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 <\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064aّ \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> I- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
1)- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a (1878) :<\/u> \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635ّ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a (\u0645\u0627\u064a 1882) :<\/u> \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0645\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0633\u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1883) :<\/u> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (1893) :<\/u> \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062f\u0639ّ\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0647ّ\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062fّ\u064a (1891) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1893 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062fّ\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 (1904) :<\/u> \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062fّ\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0635ّ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 : \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635ّ \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631، \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (1907) :<\/u> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0645ّ \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1907 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062fّ\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644، \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646، \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629، \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631ّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062fّ\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/u> \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0623\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/u> \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062fّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a :<\/u> \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637ّ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a (\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f).<\/span>

<\/u><\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a :<\/u> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a، \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064aّ \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621، \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a “\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0632\u064a\u0628” (Printsip) \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f (Fran\u00e7ois – Ferdinand) \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a\u063a\u0648 (Sarajevo) (28 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1914) \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646ّ\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631ّ\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646.<\/span>
\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 23 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1914 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 48 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0647ّ\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644ّ\u0637 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642ّ\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0636ّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062aّ\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062fّ\u062f، \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627، \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064aّ\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u062eّ\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0633ّ \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627، \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062fّ \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645ّ\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 28 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1914 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646؟<\/b><\/i><\/span>

<\/span> \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627، \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0623\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 3 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1914.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645 4 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1914 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u0645\u0627\u064a 1915) \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 (\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1914) \u0648\u0644\u0645ّ\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062fّ\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 (5 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914).<\/span>

<\/span> \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0644ّ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/span>

<\/span> II- \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0645\u0631ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648ّ\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627، \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062aّ\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627) \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648ّ\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918).<\/span>

<\/span> 1)- \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0623\u0648\u062a 1914 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914) :<\/b><\/span>
\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0637ّ\u0629 “\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646” (Von Schlieffen) \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639، \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627، \u062b\u0645ّ \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637ّ\u0629 \u0632\u062d\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a، “\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627” \u0648”\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a” \u0648”\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a” \u0641\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062fّ \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 30 \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633، \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648”.<\/span>

<\/b><\/span> \u0628- \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646 (La Marne) :<\/b><\/span>
\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 6 \u0625\u0644\u0649 13 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 “\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0631” (Joffre) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646” \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 :<\/b><\/span>
 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631ّ، \u0641\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062fّ\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644، \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a” (Hindenburg) \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062aّ\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632، \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914 \u0645\u0627\u0633 1918) :<\/b><\/span>
\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642.<\/span>
\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641، \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0635ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d، \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062fّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0644، \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648ّ\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629…<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 1915 \u0625\u0644\u0649  1916 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a:<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 :<\/u> \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u062a 1915) \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062fّ\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644ّ \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641 (Broussilov) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1916 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u062cّ\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (27 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1916) \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644ّ\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<\/u> \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1915 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649، \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1916 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a “\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646” (Verdun) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 “\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646” (Petain) \u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0628ّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644.<\/span>
\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1916 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645 (Somme) \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0628ّ\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<\/u> \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1915 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646ّ\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0635\u062fّ \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 1915 \u06481916 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0643ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0643ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 “\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633” \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/u> \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629، \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 31 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1916 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644 (Kiel) \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u062c\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f” (Jutland) \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629  1917 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u064a\u062f\u0628ّ \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062fّ\u0629، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062fّ\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648ّ\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a :<\/u> \u0634\u062fّ\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647، \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1917 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645ّ\u0629 \u0623\u062fّ\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u062cّ\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/u> \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 “\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646” (Wilson) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1917 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645 6 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1917 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0631ّ\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/u> \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1917 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0631ّ\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0645 17 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1917 \u0641\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642ّ\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648ّ\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0635ّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 (Aisne) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1917. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 1917 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b : \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1918 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0646ّ \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 “\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646” (Amiens) \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0634 (Foch) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1918 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062fّ \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0633” (Arras) “\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a” (Ypres) \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644ّ \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1918 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0646ّ \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0646ّ \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062fّ\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918).<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0643\u0628ّ\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 (24 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1918).<\/span>

<\/span> – \u062a\u0645\u0643ّ\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0628 (\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1918) \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062fّ\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d :<\/b><\/span>
\u062d\u0642ّ\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062fّ\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (29 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918) \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064aّ\u0629 (30 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1918).<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 ( \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918).<\/span>

<\/span> – \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0645 11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f (Rethondes) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/p>\n