{"id":23816,"date":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","date_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3"},"modified":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","modified_gmt":"2017-10-04T19:14:34","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 <\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/fb:like> <\/rigth>
<\/center> <\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/a>
<\/span> <\/p>\n
\n


<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/h2>\n


<\/span> \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646ّ\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646ّ\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645، \u0641\u062a\u0645ّ \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> I- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 :<\/b><\/span>
 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 1- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0639\u062fّ\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627ّ \u0623\u0646ّ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 :<\/b> \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1873 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629، \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u062fّ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062aّ\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064aّ\u0629، \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 :<\/b> \u062a\u062c\u0645ّ\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641ّ\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636  \u0645\u0646 5% \u0625\u0644\u0649 3% \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633ّ\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629، \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639، \u0648\u0642\u062fّ\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/span>

<\/span> 2)- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b> \u062a\u0623\u062eّ\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0645ّ\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648ّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a، \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649، \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644ّ \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648ّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648ّ\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f، \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629، \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635ّ \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629، \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633ّ\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/span>

<\/span> 3)- \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062fّ\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u062a\u0647\u064aّ\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633ّ\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a :<\/b> \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 452 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 300 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870، \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a، \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1913 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 872.000 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a، \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u063a\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 :<\/b> \u0627\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636، \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0628\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646، \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span>

<\/span> II- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a، \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

1)- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0633\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a :<\/b> \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644ّ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a، \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645، \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646، \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 60 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 7 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637، \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a، \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 « R\u00e9union » \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629…) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/span>
– \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629، \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a، \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629، \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a :<\/b> \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629، \u0641\u0641\u0636\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a، \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a : \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636، \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Diminions) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a، \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1887.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a : \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f، \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f، \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646، \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 :<\/b> \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
– \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. – \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/span>
– \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1890 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> 2) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 :<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a :<\/b> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1884 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a :<\/b> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/span>
– \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646، \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637، \u0642\u0637\u0646…)<\/span>
– \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/span>
– \u0625\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/span>
– \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064aّ\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a…<\/span>
– \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 (\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0648) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637.<\/span>

<\/span> III- \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631، \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 “\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a” \u0648”\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646”. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 “\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0648”\u0642\u0645\u0628\u0637\u0627” \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 “\u0643\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0642” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629، \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627، \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633 – \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1884-1885) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639، \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
– \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span>
– \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/span>
– \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span>

<\/span> 1) \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0643\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643، \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XX \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 :<\/b> \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627، \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1898 \u06481909. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 (\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627). \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 :<\/b> \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 “\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627” (Brazza) \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0648 “\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0648” (Mokoko) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a” (Stanley) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 “\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f II” \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u063a\u0648، \u0641\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1884-1885).<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 :<\/b> \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627، \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 (1893) \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062f- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 :<\/b> \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628، \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 (Bechuanaland) \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0631 (Kitchener) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1899 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631) \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1902 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627، \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648، \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627، \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/span>

<\/span> 2) \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627، \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0623- \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 :<\/b> \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVIII  \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830، \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1858 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1828 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1852 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XVIII \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u063a\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1850 \u0648 1860 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a، \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0637\u0634\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648. \u0623\u0632\u0639\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1879 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/span>

<\/span> \u0628- \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 :<\/b> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1880 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u063a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Tien Tsin) (1884). \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0633\u0648\u0646” (Lang Son) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a، \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645، \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629، \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0646\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0646 (Cochinchine) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633. \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1886 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646، \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0645” \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627.<\/span>

<\/span> \u062c- \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 :<\/b> \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627، \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629، \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0633\u062d 11 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u06452 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648 (Mandchoue) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629، \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1838 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 (Canton) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1840-1842) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (Nankin) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1842 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0646\u063a (Hong – Kong) \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a، \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/span>
– <\/span>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>
– <\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645<\/span>
– \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/span>
– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 : \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 “\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0643\u064a” (Simono Seki) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a” (Liao Toung) \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627، \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062b\u0631” (Port Arthur) \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 :<\/span>
– \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 “\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a” (Wei Hai Hai) \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062a\u0633\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a (Yang Ts\u00e9 Kiang)<\/span>
– \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 “\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0648” (Kiao Tcheou) \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 99 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/span>
– \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629، \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0631، \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629، \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627، \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (1904-1905) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629، \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1913. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. <\/span>

<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 :<\/b><\/span>
\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1873 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a، \u0641\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631، \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0644ّ\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span> <\/span>

<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/b><\/a><\/span>


<\/span> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 XIX \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064aّ\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644ّ\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646ّ\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064aّ\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064aّ\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646ّ\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062fّ \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645، \u0641\u062a\u0645ّ \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2456],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 • \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 • \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064aّ\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064aّ\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064aّ\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cheri3adotcom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-OGsn_xUhAHw\/WKXYXnr9fjI\/AAAAAAAAmNk\/Z4K6L1zf0mwdkFOaRPf4lSXSFoiOv8A1QCK4B\/s320\/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@che3iacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@che3iacom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a\",\"description\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a \\u0641\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u062c\\u0632\\u0627\\u0626\\u0631 \\u062f\\u0631\\u0648\\u0633 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0644\\u062e\\u064a\\u0635\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u0646\\u0627\\u062a \\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a \\u0644\\u062c\\u0645\\u064a\\u0639 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0637\\u0648\\u0627\\u0631\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-OGsn_xUhAHw\/WKXYXnr9fjI\/AAAAAAAAmNk\/Z4K6L1zf0mwdkFOaRPf4lSXSFoiOv8A1QCK4B\/s320\/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2591%25D8%25A9.png\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0639\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0632\\u0645\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 : \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0633\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u0644 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0642\\u0633\\u064a\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0644\\u0645 • \\u0645\\u0648\\u0642\\u0639 \\u0634\\u0631\\u064a\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0639\\u0644\\u064a\\u0645\\u064a\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-10-04T19:14:34+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#\/schema\/person\/c104d2faa249b6a71d8449a05e580cba\"},\"description\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0639\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0632\\u0645\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 : \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0633\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u0644 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0642\\u0633\\u064a\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0644\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0639\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0632\\u0645\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u064aّ\\u0629 - \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064aّ\\u0629 : \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0633\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u0644 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0642\\u0633\\u064a\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0644\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064aّ\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0639\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u064aّ\\u0629\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0641\\u062d\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u0626\\u064a\\u0633\\u064a\\u0629\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/category\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/category\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0645\\u0648\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a\\u0639 \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645\\u0629\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab-4\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab-4\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u0627\\u0646\\u0627\\u062a – \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u0646\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062b\\u0627\\u0646\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0623\\u0633\\u0627\\u0633\\u064a: \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0636\\u064a\\u0627\\u062a\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0639\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0632\\u0645\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 – \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0645\\u0628\\u0631\\u064a\\u0627\\u0644\\u064a\\u0651\\u0629 : \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0633\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0633\\u0627\\u0626\\u0644 \\u0648\\u062a\\u0642\\u0633\\u064a\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/#\/schema\/person\/c104d2faa249b6a71d8449a05e580cba\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u062f \\u0639\\u0628\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0644\\u0637\\u064a\\u0641\",\"description\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u062f \\u0639\\u0628\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0644\\u0637\\u064a\\u0641 \\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0630 \\u0639\\u0644\\u0648\\u0645 \\u0637\\u0628\\u064a\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u062d\\u064a\\u0627\\u0629 \\u064a\\u062f\\u0631\\u0633 \\u0641\\u064a \\u062b\\u0627\\u0646\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0645\\u0635\\u0637\\u0641\\u0649 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0634\\u0631\\u0641 \\u0628\\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0632\\u0648\\u0627\\u0631 \\u0628\\u0627\\u0644\\u062c\\u0632\\u0627\\u0626\\u0631 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0635\\u0645\\u0629\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","amp_validity":null,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23816"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23816"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23816\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}