﻿{"id":17117,"date":"2016-12-31T05:05:20","date_gmt":"2016-12-31T04:05:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/?p=17117"},"modified":"2016-12-31T06:03:08","modified_gmt":"2016-12-31T05:03:08","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>la pollution<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"separator\">https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-lYHi8hTHJ2M\/V_AX-xBQjDI\/AAAAAAAAGWg\/8DhMMVlDmUkO8SqNhXTCo07z7nEY6Mq8ACLcB\/s1600\/pppp.png&#8221;><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-lYHi8hTHJ2M\/V_AX-xBQjDI\/AAAAAAAAGWg\/8DhMMVlDmUkO8SqNhXTCo07z7nEY6Mq8ACLcB\/s400\/pppp.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"298\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>la pollution &#8211; \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; recherche sur la pollution<\/em><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>La pollution<\/em><\/h2>\n<p>l&#8217;introduction de ion d\u00e9signe une d\u00e9gradation de<br \/>\nl&#8217;environnement parmati\u00e8res \u2013 dites polluantes \u2013 non pr\u00e9sentes en temps normal. Cette d\u00e9gradation entra\u00eene une perturbation plus ou moins importante de l&#8217;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. Bien qu&#8217;elle soit majoritairement d&#8217;origine humaine1, elle peut \u00e9galement avoir pour cause un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne naturel comme une \u00e9ruption volcanique2.<br \/>\nLa pollution peut avoir un impact tr\u00e8s important sur l&#8217;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me comme en t\u00e9moigne le r\u00e9chauffement climatique qui bouleverse le climat de la Terre et de son \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, entra\u00eenant l&#8217;apparition de maladies inconnues jusqu&#8217;alors dans certaines zones g\u00e9ographiques, des migrations de certaines esp\u00e8ces, voir leur extinction si elles ne peuvent s&#8217;adapter \u00e0 leur nouvel environnement.<br \/>\nC&#8217;est apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale qu&#8217;une prise de conscience des r\u00e9percussions des activit\u00e9s humaines sur l&#8217;environnement voit le jour via la naissance de l&#8217;\u00e9cologisme. Les pr\u00e9occupations environnementales conduisent les gouvernements \u00e0 prendre des mesures pour essayer de limiter l&#8217;empreinte \u00e9cologique des populations et de leurs activit\u00e9s.Pollution d&#8217;origine humaine<br \/>\nLes pollutions d&#8217;origine humaine, dites aussi anthropiques, ont de nombreuses formes en pouvant \u00eatre locales, ponctuelles, accidentelles, diffuses, chroniques, g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, volontaires, involontaires, etc.<br \/>\nCette pollution est une diffusion directe ou indirecte dans l&#8217;environnement de polluants. Ce sont souvent des sous-produits involontaires d&#8217;une activit\u00e9 humaine, comme les \u00e9missions des pots d&#8217;\u00e9chappement. Les d\u00e9chets de produits de consommation courante (emballages, batteries usag\u00e9es) jet\u00e9s sans pr\u00e9cautions dans l&#8217;environnement constituent \u00e9galement une source de pollution tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quente. Il peut aussi s&#8217;agir de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes physiques (comme la chaleur, la lumi\u00e8re, la radioactivit\u00e9, l&#8217;\u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tisme, etc.), dont le caract\u00e8re impur ou malsain est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement relatif car d\u00e9pendant de la dose, de la dur\u00e9e d&#8217;exposition, d&#8217;\u00e9ventuelles synergies, etc. Il est relatif :<br \/>\n\u2022 soit \u00e0 leur nature de \u00ab poison \u00bb pour l&#8217;Homme ou l&#8217;environnement (exemple : mercure de la baie de Minamata ; smog londonien g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par la combinaison d&#8217;un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne climatique naturel et d&#8217;\u00e9missions caus\u00e9es par le chauffage urbain) ; par extension, le simple caract\u00e8re d\u00e9sagr\u00e9able, m\u00eame sans danger, peut suffire \u00e0 invoquer le qualificatif de pollution l\u00e0 o\u00f9 le mot &#8220;nuisance&#8221; est souvent pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ;<br \/>\n\u2022 soit \u00e0 leur nature t\u00e9ratog\u00e8ne (provoquant des malformations chez les nouveau-n\u00e9s), m\u00eame non associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un caract\u00e8re toxique pour l&#8217;adulte (exemple type : dioxines, radioactivit\u00e9, \u00e9thers de glycol) ;<br \/>\n\u2022 soit \u00e0 leur nature de perturbateur endocrinien ;<br \/>\n\u2022 soit, en d\u00e9pit de leur caract\u00e8re non directement toxique pour l&#8217;homme et les \u00eatres vivants, \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e9ventuelle \u00e0 changer ou perturber le fonctionnement d&#8217;un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me ou ou de la biosph\u00e8re, soit en d\u00e9truisant la vie (exemple : insecticides) ou ses conditions (exemple : chlorofluorocarbones d\u00e9truisant la couche d&#8217;ozone), soit au contraire en surfavorisant certaines expressions (exemple : nitrates ou phosphates agricoles, favorisant une flore nitrophile au d\u00e9triment des autres esp\u00e8ces, voire l&#8217;eutrophisation ou la dystrophisation des zones humides, baies marines, \u00e9voluant vers des zones mortes dans les cas les plus graves). Il peut aussi s&#8217;agir d&#8217;introduction d&#8217;esp\u00e8ces ou de pollution g\u00e9n\u00e9tique pouvant perturber le fonctionnement des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire l&#8217;introduction d&#8217;esp\u00e8ces ou de g\u00e8nes dans un biotope d&#8217;o\u00f9 ils \u00e9taient absents (p. ex. rat musqu\u00e9 ou OGM) ou de pollution par des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre tels que le gaz carbonique ou le m\u00e9thane, cf. infra.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Pollution d&#8217;origine non humaine<\/em><\/h2>\n<p>Ces pollutions peuvent \u00eatre :<br \/>\n\u2022 les cons\u00e9quences directes ou indirectes de catastrophes naturelles, tels que le volcanisme;<br \/>\n\u2022 une pollution li\u00e9e \u00e0 des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels, tels que les \u00e9ruptions solaires;<br \/>\n\u2022 une pollution d&#8217;un captage d&#8217;eau potable par un animal qui fera ses besoins \u00e0 proximit\u00e9, ou qui serait mort et en d\u00e9composition dans l&#8217;eau.<\/p>\n<p><em>Types de pollutions<\/em><br \/>\nOn parle de \u00ab pollution diffuse \u00bb, lorsque les sources d&#8217;un polluant sont multiples (pots d&#8217;\u00e9chappement, \u00e9pandage de pesticides..) et de \u00ab pollution chronique \u00bb lors d&#8217;\u00e9missions r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es ou constante de polluant, et parfois lorsqu&#8217;un polluant est tr\u00e8s r\u00e9manent.<br \/>\nPollution de l&#8217;air<br \/>\nArticle d\u00e9taill\u00e9 : Pollution de l&#8217;air.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Pollution atmosph\u00e9rique au-dessus de Paris<\/em><\/h2>\n<p>La pollution de l&#8217;air, provoqu\u00e9e par des polluants dits atmosph\u00e9riques est plus d\u00e9licate \u00e0 r\u00e9glementer efficacement dans un cadre local ou national que beaucoup d&#8217;autres formes de pollutions (de m\u00eame pour les pollutions marines). Des conventions mondiales concernent les polluants destructeurs de la couche d&#8217;ozone ou les gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, tous capables de modifier le fonctionnement plan\u00e9taire du monde vivant. Elle int\u00e8gre la pollution biologique induite par des taux anormaux ou anormalement allerg\u00e8nes de microbes, virus, pollens ou de spores fongiques. Les effets allerg\u00e8nes (rhinite, conjonctivite, asthme) de ces particules biologiques sont en augmentation, et ils semblent souvent exacerb\u00e9s par les polluants urbains et g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par les transports8.<br \/>\nPollution des sols<br \/>\nArticle d\u00e9taill\u00e9 : Pollution du sol.<br \/>\nLa pollution du sol peut \u00eatre diffuse ou locale, d&#8217;origine industrielle, agricole (suite \u00e0 l&#8217;utilisation massive d&#8217;engrais ou de pesticides qui s&#8217;infiltrent dans les sols). Ces pollutions agricoles peuvent avoir plusieurs impacts sur la sant\u00e9 humaine, en touchant des nappes phr\u00e9atiques d&#8217;une part et en contaminant par bioaccumulation les cultures poussant sur ces sols d&#8217;autre part.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Pollution de l&#8217;eau<\/em><\/h2>\n<p>Article d\u00e9taill\u00e9 : Pollution de l&#8217;eau.<br \/>\nLa pollution de l&#8217;eau peut avoir diverses origines parmi lesquelles :<br \/>\n\u2022 les exploitations agricoles industrielles : qui rejettent divers produits pr\u00e9sents dans les engrais (comme des nitrates) ou les produits phytosanitaires peuvent polluer les nappes phr\u00e9atiques et entra\u00eener la fermeture de points de captages d&#8217;eau potable si leur pr\u00e9sence est trop importante<br \/>\n\u2022 l&#8217;industrie : dont ses sous-produits sont une des sources de pollution de l&#8217;eau parmi les plus importantes. Il s&#8217;agit essentiellement de produits chimiques et d&#8217;hydrocarbures (d\u00e9gazage).<br \/>\n\u2022 les eaux us\u00e9es : qui si elles ne sont pas trait\u00e9es correctement peuvent \u00eatre une source de pollution de l&#8217;eau. Dans des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s comme en France, des l\u00e9gislations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place obligeant \u00e0 un traitement des eaux us\u00e9es, ce type de pollution devient donc de moins en moins important<br \/>\nPollution par type ou agents polluants<br \/>\nSignalisation de produit polluant<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution industrielle,<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique,<br \/>\n\u2022 les pollutions li\u00e9es aux transports, dont la pollution automobile et celle induite par les avions<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution radioactive, (produits radioactifs ; catastrophe de Tchernobyl).<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique, (pollution li\u00e9e aux rayonnements ionisants et non ionisants).<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution thermique<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution lumineuse, qui diff\u00e8re de la nuisance lumineuse en ce qu&#8217;elle a des cons\u00e9quences sur la biodiversit\u00e9 (faune et environnement nocturne perturb\u00e9s), accompagn\u00e9e d&#8217;un gaspillage \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique (plus de 50% de la lumi\u00e8re produite est diffus\u00e9e vers le ciel ou inutile&#8230;). on \u00e9voque aussi de possibles perturbations des cycles biologiques chez l&#8217;humain. Quelques r\u00e8gles simples permettraient de la fortement diminuer.<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution li\u00e9e au tourisme (pour partie li\u00e9e aux transports), hobbies (ex : bricolage) et \u00e0 certains loisirs (ex : nautisme) ou festivit\u00e9s (ex : feu d&#8217;artifice).<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution spatiale<br \/>\n\u2022 la pollution par armes ou explosifs<br \/>\nLa \u00ab pollution sensitive \u00bb. R\u00e9cemment, les termes \u00ab pollution sonore \u00bb et \u00ab visuelle \u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9s pour d\u00e9signer la nuisance croissante cens\u00e9e \u00eatre provoqu\u00e9e par les sons agressifs (voiture, train, avion, musique), les images violentes ou consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme telles (essentiellement la publicit\u00e9 et la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision) ou un urbanisme d\u00e9plaisant. Le terme a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement choisi pour relier la pollution \u00ab physique \u00bb et la pollution \u00ab mentale \u00bb, sans que ce terme se r\u00e9duise \u00e0 d\u00e9signer un d\u00e9rangement psychique : en effet, il est possible que les \u00ab pollutions sonores \u00bb, notamment, induisent des \u00e9tats de stress et provoquent des maladies somatiques.<br \/>\n\u2022<br \/>\nla pollution sonore<br \/>\nla pollution visuelle (qui est en fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plut\u00f4t une nuisance)<br \/>\nla pollution olfactive (\u00e0 parfois classer dans les nuisances)<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9\/\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00a0 <\/em><\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b6%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%a7\/\"><em>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cheri3a.com\/edu\/%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\"><em>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631<\/em><\/a><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 la pollution https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-lYHi8hTHJ2M\/V_AX-xBQjDI\/AAAAAAAAGWg\/8DhMMVlDmUkO8SqNhXTCo07z7nEY6Mq8ACLcB\/s1600\/pppp.png&#8221;> la pollution &#8211; \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; recherche sur la pollution La pollution l&#8217;introduction de ion d\u00e9signe une d\u00e9gradation de l&#8217;environnement parmati\u00e8res \u2013 dites polluantes \u2013 non pr\u00e9sentes en temps normal. Cette d\u00e9gradation entra\u00eene une perturbation plus ou moins importante de l&#8217;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. Bien qu&#8217;elle soit majoritairement [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 &bull; \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a 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